Bioengineering is a high technology of modern science and technology, and it is one of the most promising disciplines today. Enzyme engineering is an important part of bioengineering. As a biocatalyst, enzymes are widely used in more than 20 fields such as food, brewing, starch sugar, tanning, textile, printing, medicine, and petrochemicals. It can improve product quality, improve product technology, reduce labor intensity, save raw materials and energy, protect the environment, and produce huge economic and social benefits.

Globally, 55% of the total enzyme preparation is hydrolase, which is mainly used in baked goods, wine making, starch processing, alcohol and textile industries. 35% are proteases, mainly used in detergent, tanning and dairy industries; the rest are pharmaceutical enzyme preparations, reagent-grade enzyme preparations and tool enzymes.

Enzyme engineering technology is the technology that uses the catalytic function of enzymes and cells or organelles to produce products required by humans, including the development and production of enzymes, the immobilization of enzymes and cells or organelles, the modification and modification of enzyme molecules, and biosensors.

Enzyme production

Enzyme production is a process of optimization and combination of various biotechnology. It is divided into three types: biological extraction method, biosynthesis method and chemical synthesis method. Among them, the biological extraction method is the earliest method and is still in use today. It refers to the extraction of enzymes from animals, plants, organs, cells or microbial cells using various extraction, separation and purification techniques. Biosynthesis is the main method of enzyme production since the 1960s. It refers to the technical process of obtaining the enzymes needed by people using the life activities of microbial cells, plant cells or animal cells. The chemical synthesis method, because of its high cost, can only synthesize enzymes whose chemical structure has been clarified, so it is difficult to carry out industrial production and is still in the laboratory research stage.

Enzyme purification

Enzyme purification belongs to a post-treatment process, including a crude process and a refining process. Concentrating and refining superenzyme solution is an important part of producing high-quality enzyme preparations. The purification method is generally established based on the size, shape, charge properties, solubility, specific binding site and other properties of the enzyme. To obtain pure enzymes, various methods are generally used in combination. The most commonly used purification method is precipitation based on solubility characteristics. Ion exchange chromatography based on charge polarity, isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, etc. Centrifugation, dialysis, ultrafiltration, etc. according to size or weight. Affinity chromatography and covalent chromatography according to the affinity site.

3.Enzyme immobilization technology

The chemical nature of the enzyme is protein, and its biggest disadvantage is instability. It is prone to denaturation of the enzyme protein to acid, alkali, heat and organic solutions, thereby reducing or losing activity. In addition, the enzyme often reacts in the solution, which will remain in the solution system after the reaction and is not easy to recover, causing troubles in the separation and purification of the final product. In addition, the enzyme reaction can only be carried out in batches, which is difficult to be continuous and automated. This greatly hinders the development and application of enzyme engineering. In order to overcome the above disadvantages, the free enzyme needs to be immobilized before application.

The enzyme immobilization technology is to immobilize the enzyme extracted from the organism on the carrier by artificial methods. This is the core of enzyme engineering, which brings the enzyme engineering to a new level. Since the first use of solid-phase enzyme technology in the world in 1969, it has more than 40 years of history. Since the movement of the immobilized enzyme is restricted by chemical or physical methods, it can be recovered from the reaction medium, so in principle the enzyme can be reused in batch operations or continuous operations.

The immobilized enzyme has the following properties: the stability of the enzyme is improved; the optimum pH value is changed; the enzyme activity and catalytic substrate are changed; the optimum temperature is increased, and the sensitivity to inhibitors and proteases is reduced; After the reaction is completed, it can be recovered by a simple method and the enzyme activity remains unchanged. At the same time, because the enzyme is not released into the product, it is convenient for the separation and purification of the product; the possibility of implementing batch or continuous operation models can be carried out in industrialized, continuous, and automated production.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a biological enzyme that protects the body from oxidative damage and has significant protective effects on the body. It is widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. SOD has the ability to scavenge superoxide free O2-in the body, and can better resist the toxicity of oxygen free radicals and other oxide free radicals on the plasma membrane of the cell and maintain the normal physiological metabolism of the cell. Therefore, SOD is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.

1) Pharmaceutical industry: In clinical applications, SOD is mainly focused on inflammation, autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, lupus erythematosus, oxygen poisoning and senile cataract, aging and various skin diseases. However, the medical field has high requirements for the safety of SOD. Therefore, Cu and Zn-SOD extracted from plants are gradually adopted due to their good safety and low production cost. Plants contain SOD resources, only corn has a large yield.

2) Food industry: SOD can be used as a health food’s efficacy factor, food nutrition fortifier, compound food raw materials, antioxidants, anti-oxidant fresheners, etc. At present, the International Schistosomiasis Organization has banned the extraction of SOD from blood as raw materials for medical and health products.

3) Cosmetics industry: SOD is the only active industrial enzyme recognized by the international scientific community that can eliminate harmful free radicals produced by the human body during metabolism. It is one of the substances approved by the International Ministry of Health with anti-aging, immune regulation, anti-radiation and beauty functions .

According to the “2017-2020 SOD Industry Market In-depth Investigation and Investment Strategy Research Report” released by the Industry Research Center, in recent years, with the development of the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics industry and technological progress, The scale of the dismutase SOD market continues to expand.

Market development prospects

Superoxide dismutase is quite delicate and has three characteristics: “difficult to extract, difficult to preserve, and difficult to absorb”. These three major problems have also plagued the world for nearly 40 years. Up to now, SOD is still a high-level, sophisticated and sophisticated biological science topic. The SOD extraction process is extremely complicated and the output is extremely limited, so related products are extremely rare and expensive.

In the upper classes of society of Europe and the United States, SOD health products have become synonymous with top luxury products with excellent efficacy, scarce production and expensive prices, and are favored by high-end user groups. In the United States, SOD, as an important raw material, has great market potential in the fields of medicine, food, and cosmetics, and has a good future development prospect.

Investment potential

Superoxide dismutase is internationally recognized as the “scavenger”, “anti-aging king” and “beauty beauty” of human waste. It is the most powerful substance against active oxygen free radicals. The research and development represents the forefront of the development of high-tech technology in biomedicine, occupying an important international position in scientific and technological achievements and academic fields.

The superoxide dismutase industry in some developing countries is still weak. Take China as an example. In recent years, China has continuously promoted the research of superoxide dismutase and promoted the industrialization of products. However, China’s current industrialization capacity is still limited, the scale of enterprises is generally small, and the domestic market is occupied by foreign companies. The major Chinese companies include Siping Huake Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Maikang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., and Liaoning Weilin Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd.

With the advent of more and more new enzyme preparations, medical enzymes will become a new bright spot in the international pharmaceutical market. There are only a few varieties of domestic medical enzymes such as multi-enzyme tablets. Enzyme is a general term for important protein and biochemical substances. Enzymes exist in plants and animals.

As early as more than 100 years ago, Western scientists have isolated trypsin with physiological effects from animal digestive tract fluids. This substance can break down various proteins into amino acids in test tubes. Because of its extensive participation in various physiological activities, enzymes have become more and more widely used in medicine. Due to the small demand for industrial enzymes, the fermentation method for industrial production of enzymes, namely the fermentation method, did not come out until the 1950s.

Although there are at least thousands of enzymes discovered by scientists at present, there are only dozens of enzymes that are actually put into industrial production, and some enzymes are directly extracted from plants or prepared by bioengineering technology. Enzyme is an ecological and efficient catalyst, and has a strong specificity that one enzyme can only catalyze and transform one substance. At present, the global total production of industrial enzymes has exceeded 1 million tons, and China’s annual production of enzymes accounts for about 1/3 of the world’s total output.

It is estimated that in 2007, the total global market sales of enzymes reached 5 billion to 6 billion US dollars. The most important uses of enzymes are concentrated in the food industry. In addition, they are also widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, feed and other industries. In terms of consumption, the food industry consumes about two-thirds of the world’s total enzyme production, and the total consumption of enzymes in other industries accounts for the remaining one-third.

It plays an important role in the production of β-lactam antibiotics. The application of enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry began in the early 1980s. With the advent of cephalosporin β-lactam antibiotics, the serious environmental pollution caused during the production of cephalosporin products is worrying. At that time, British and Dutch scientists first reformed the chemical lysis method that has been used for many years into a clean and efficient “enzymatic lysis”-the enzyme used was penicillin lyase and cephalosporin lyase, thereby eliminating the production of semi-synthetic penicillin or cephalosporin Environmental pollution caused by bacteriocin products. These two enzymes can be used to prepare a series of semi-synthetic penicillins such as ampicillin and amoxicillin and other key raw materials for cephalosporins. With the implementation of the enzymatic cracking process, antibiotic production has entered a brand new “enzymatic production era”.

In recent years, some newly developed therapeutic enzyme preparations abroad such as antibacterial enzymes, fibrinolytic enzymes, mucolytic enzymes, analgesic enzymes, antitumor enzymes, immune activator enzymes, etc. In addition, Western researchers have also found that protease preparations compatible use with existing antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracycline, SMP-CO and fluoroquinolones can greatly improve the antimicrobial effect of these drugs and reduce the drug resistance of bacteria.

According to reports, some hospitals have combined enzyme preparations with antibiotic preparations to achieve good results in the treatment of refractory urinary tract infections. These new clinical uses have laid a solid foundation for the medical market for enzyme preparations. Medical enzyme preparations have become a new breed of therapeutic agents. With the advent of more and more new enzyme preparations, medical enzymes such as diagnostic enzymes will become a new bright spot in the international pharmaceutical market. The enzymes produced now are mainly concentrated in the food industry, accounting for about 96% of the domestic enzyme production value, and there are very few varieties for treatment. At present, there are only a few varieties such as multi-enzyme tablets and lumbrokinase. It is believed that, driven by the new trend of international drug use, domestic development of new medical enzyme production will have broad market prospects.

In the face of increasingly severe global environmental pollution problems, the combined development of environmental engineering technology and biotechnology has provided new technical means for environmental pollution control. There are many defects in the traditional pollution control methods. The main manifestations are: low treatment efficiency, large land occupation, waste of land resources and energy, high treatment costs, unsatisfactory results, easy generation of new waste by-products, and even new sources of pollution. Therefore, protecting the environment with environmental biotechnology as a new technology system to solve environmental pollution has become the development direction of today and even in the future.

The development and application of enzyme technology is an important part of environmental biotechnology. Modern research shows that the relationship between enzymes and enzyme technology and environmental protection is very close. It is mainly manifested in the following three aspects. First, the use of enzymes to replace chemicals during product processing can reduce pollution levels in production activities, which is conducive to the ecologicalization of the process and truly achieves the goal of cleaner production;

Second, enzymes act as biocatalysts, which only affect the content of the product, which greatly reduces the pollution produced by the product and is conducive to environmental protection. Third, the enzyme has mild reaction conditions, strong specificity, and high catalytic efficiency. The characteristics determine the advantages of efficient, rapid and reliable treatment of pollutants and environmental monitoring. Therefore, enzyme engineering technology has broad prospects in the field of environmental governance.

Enzymes and enzyme production are based on the requirements of practical applications, and use the catalytic properties of enzymes to produce useful substances or decompose hazardous wastes on objects. For several years, enzymes in environment protection and enzyme technologies have begun to attract academic attention. Development and application of environmental protection enzymes and enzyme technologies. Through the application of system methods, the selection and development of high-efficiency enzymes, the selection of enzyme immobilization (carrier) materials, and the research and manufacture of enzyme bioreactors at low cost and speed. Quick, efficient, safe and easy operation solves the problem of wastewater treatment in environmental pollution. Developed a new generation of environmentally friendly enzyme preparations and enzyme bioreactor series products, and industrialized the technology. The development of this project will bring a new breakthrough to the harmless treatment of domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and landfill leachate, and will have positive significance for the development and application of enzyme preparations in the field of environmental protection.

Enzymes and enzyme production are based on the requirements of practical applications, and use the catalytic properties of enzymes to produce useful substances or decompose hazardous wastes on objects. For several years, environmentally friendly enzyme preparations and enzyme technologies have begun to attract academic attention.

The development and application of environmental protection enzymes and enzyme technologies, through the application of system methods, the selection and development of efficient enzymes, and the selection of enzyme immobilization (carrier) materials. The research and manufacture of enzyme bioreactors solve the problem of wastewater treatment in environmental pollution with low cost, fast speed, high efficiency and safe and easy operation. Developed a new generation of environmentally friendly enzyme preparations and enzyme bioreactor series products, and industrialized the technology. The development of this project will bring a new breakthrough to the harmless treatment of domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and landfill leachate, and will have positive significance for the development and application of enzyme preparations in the field of environmental protection.