« Older Entries

Development and Application of Environmental Protection Enzymes and Enzyme Technology

In the face of increasingly severe global environmental pollution problems, the combined development of environmental engineering technology and biotechnology has provided new technical means for environmental pollution control. There are many defects in the traditional pollution control methods. The main manifestations are: low treatment efficiency, large land occupation, waste of land resources and energy, high treatment costs, unsatisfactory results, easy generation of new waste by-products, and even new sources of pollution. Therefore, protecting the environment with environmental biotechnology as a new technology system to solve environmental pollution has become the development direction of today and even in the future.

The development and application of enzyme technology is an important part of environmental biotechnology. Modern research shows that the relationship between enzymes and enzyme technology and environmental protection is very close. It is mainly manifested in the following three aspects. First, the use of enzymes to replace chemicals during product processing can reduce pollution levels in production activities, which is conducive to the ecologicalization of the process and truly achieves the goal of cleaner production;

Second, enzymes act as biocatalysts, which only affect the content of the product, which greatly reduces the pollution produced by the product and is conducive to environmental protection. Third, the enzyme has mild reaction conditions, strong specificity, and high catalytic efficiency. The characteristics determine the advantages of efficient, rapid and reliable treatment of pollutants and environmental monitoring. Therefore, enzyme engineering technology has broad prospects in the field of environmental governance.

Enzymes and enzyme production are based on the requirements of practical applications, and use the catalytic properties of enzymes to produce useful substances or decompose hazardous wastes on objects. For several years, enzymes in environment protection and enzyme technologies have begun to attract academic attention. Development and application of environmental protection enzymes and enzyme technologies. Through the application of system methods, the selection and development of high-efficiency enzymes, the selection of enzyme immobilization (carrier) materials, and the research and manufacture of enzyme bioreactors at low cost and speed. Quick, efficient, safe and easy operation solves the problem of wastewater treatment in environmental pollution. Developed a new generation of environmentally friendly enzyme preparations and enzyme bioreactor series products, and industrialized the technology. The development of this project will bring a new breakthrough to the harmless treatment of domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and landfill leachate, and will have positive significance for the development and application of enzyme preparations in the field of environmental protection.

Enzymes and enzyme production are based on the requirements of practical applications, and use the catalytic properties of enzymes to produce useful substances or decompose hazardous wastes on objects. For several years, environmentally friendly enzyme preparations and enzyme technologies have begun to attract academic attention.

The development and application of environmental protection enzymes and enzyme technologies, through the application of system methods, the selection and development of efficient enzymes, and the selection of enzyme immobilization (carrier) materials. The research and manufacture of enzyme bioreactors solve the problem of wastewater treatment in environmental pollution with low cost, fast speed, high efficiency and safe and easy operation. Developed a new generation of environmentally friendly enzyme preparations and enzyme bioreactor series products, and industrialized the technology. The development of this project will bring a new breakthrough to the harmless treatment of domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and landfill leachate, and will have positive significance for the development and application of enzyme preparations in the field of environmental protection.

Semiconductor Stepper Systems Market Driven By Increasing Usage Of Memory And Logic IC’s In Computer

Steppers are devices that are used for manufacturing integrated circuits (IC’s) which are similar in operation to slide projectors or photographic enlargers. Steppers comprise of an essential part in photolithography, (also known as optical lithography or UV lithography is used for micro-fabricating pattern of a thin film) which creates huge amounts of microscopic circuit elements on the surface of minute chips of silicon. Such chips comprise of the heart of the IC’s such as memory chips, and computer processors among others.

The market for semiconductor stepper systems is expected to witness a steady albeit a slow growth during the forecast period. Change in wafer sizes due to the reduction in the size of electronic devices is the major factor aiding in the growth of this market at present. Other key driving the semiconductor stepper systems market are inclusive of increasing usage of memory and logic IC’s which are widely used in computers, laptops, memory devices, storage and mobile devices and the rising markets for flip chips and advanced packaging.

Further, due to the reduction in node sizes, the semiconductor stepping systems market is witnessing the advent of semiconductor technologies which in turn, has affected the overall lithography process. Double patterning technique is a type of high resolution technique that increases the litho cost per function, thereby resulting in the increase of the overall cost of patterning. Thus, the increasing cost of litho functions is another key factor augmenting the growth of the overall semiconductor stepper systems market across the globe.

The market has been classified on the basis of application into Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), LED Devices and Advanced Packaging. The MEMS market was the largest market for semiconductor stepping devices and is expected to retain market dominance throughout the forecast period. MEMS find wide use across automotive, consumer electronics, medical, and defense segments among others for a variety of applications. Additionally, shifting preference towards vehicle automation such as in-car infotainment systems, navigation system and anti-lock braking systems (ABS) is fuelling the demand for MEMS sensors in the automotive industry, thereby fuelling the demand for semiconductor stepper systems market in this segment.

The global semiconductor stepper systems market has been bifurcated on the basis of regions into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa and Latin America. Asia Pacific is was and will remain the market leader for semiconductor stepper systems throughout the forecast period with the key contributors being Japan, Taiwan and South Korea. Further, large presence of semiconductor foundries in China and Taiwan among others, such the Semiconductor Manufacturing International in China and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing and United Microelectronics in Taiwan is also expected to stimulate the growth of the market during the forecast period of 2016 to 2024.

The global semiconductor stepper systems market is a consolidated market and only a handful number of players are controlling majority of the market at present. Since the semiconductor industry is prone to frequent technological changes, the manufacturers operating in this industry are engaged in extensive research and development activities in order to adopt new technologies and upgrade their systems. Further, frequent mergers and acquisitions, joint venture and partnerships, geographical expansion are some of the other key strategies adopted by these leading players to sustain in this market and to have a competitive advantage over their peers. Major players operating in the global semiconductor stepping systems market include Canon, Nikon, and ASML Holding among others. However companies like Leica Microsystems, SUSS Microtech, JEOL, Optical Associates and ZEISS also have a significant presence in the market. However, owing to significant growth potential of this market, several local players are trying to increase their presence and compete with the major players.

Tags:

Facts on Burns

Most small or superficial burns can be treated at home.

In this article:

What are different types of burns?

When to go to your GP

Symptoms

When to go to hospital (A&E)

Common causes

How Chemist Online can help

Treating burns at home (what to do)

Advice & Support

What are different types of burns?
Burns can generally be categorised into three types:

Small burns (or superficial burns or scalds, where only the top layer of the skin is affected) – these are usually caused by small incidents such as a spilt hot drink, or kettle steam, and can be treated with basic first aid at home

Partial thickness burns – more severe than small burns because the damage is deeper and blistering tends to occur in tandem with the loss of skin and the redness and pain in the affected area

Full thickness burns – this is where the entire thickness of the skin is affected to the point that the skin becomes blackened (these types of severe ‘charring’ burns as also known as ‘third degree burns’ and can leave considerable scarring)

Symptoms
Symptoms of burns include:

discoloured skin

peeled skin

blistered skin

pain around the affected area (ranging from mild to severe)

swelling

charred skin

damage to muscle, bone and body tissue

Other symptoms which can occur as a result of sustaining burns can include: shock, increased heart rate, headache, fever and faintness.

Common causes
Common causes of burns include:

Hot water and/or steam (e.g., baths where the water is at a scalding temperature, accidentally knocked over cups of tea…)

Cooking fluids

Contact with fire

The skin touching extremely hot surfaces, such as an open oven door scalding the backs of a child’s legs, or a metallic burns sustained from absentmindedly sitting upon a car bonnet on a boiling hot day…

Accidents with inflammable liquids and gases – usually sustained in the workplace

Chemical burns – also usually sustained in the workplace

Electrical burns (also known as electricity burns) – these can be sustained at home or in the workplace

Laser burns (e.g., where an operation that involves laser surgery may go wrong for some reason)

Sunburns

Note: The severity of a person’s pain from a burn may not necessarily correspond with the severity or classification of the burn itself. In fact, some small burns can be significantly more painful than a partial thickness burn.

Treating burns at home (what to do)
What to do:

Immediately use cool (but not very cold) water to cool the burnt area. Keep the affected area under this stream of tepid water for not less than twenty minutes, even if this seems excessive to you at the time

Carefully remove any jewellery

Remove clothing being extremely careful not to pull away any material that has stuck to the skin

Gently place a cold compress against the affected area (a flannel, hand towel or even a clean tea towel that has been soaked in cool water will suffice)

Cover the affected area with Clingfilm

When to go to your GP
If you have failed to treat your burn at home – or are particularly concerned about what to do after having used first aid at home – then make an immediate appointment with your GP. If you cannot get an appointment with them, accept the option of seeing whichever doctor is available at your local medical practice at the time – it is important to have your burn(s) assessed without delay in case it has become blistered and/or infected.

When to go to hospital (A&E)
Seek urgent medical attention at the A&E department of your nearest hospital if:

smoke of fumes have been inhaled

you have sustained an electrical burn (e.g., from a domestic electricity supply, or through an accident in the workplace)

you have sustained a chemical burn

you have pre-existing medical condition (e.g., you have a cardiovascular disease, are diabetic, or you are pregnant)

How Chemist Online can help
Through this website we have a range of treatments available to buy which can help relieve the pain of small burns, such as: Panadol Actifast Paracetamol, Vantage Ibuprofen Tablets and Anadin Ibuprofen Tablets.

www.chemistonline.co.uk

Advice & Support
The British Burns Association
Tel: 0161 291 6321
Website: www.britishburnsassociation.co.uk

Changing Faces
The Squire Centre
33-37 University Street
London
WC1E 6JN

Tel: 0845 450 0275
Tel: 0845 450 0640 (if you live in Scotland)
Website: www.changingfaces.org.uk
E-mail: [email protected]

This information and advice is not intended to replace the advice of your GP or chemist. Chemist Online is also not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a user based upon the content of the Chemist Online website. Chemist Online is also not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites.

—

Tags: